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- <text id=93CT1776>
- <title>
- Malta--History
- </title>
- <history>
- Compact ALMANAC--CIA Factbook
- Europe
- Malta
- </history>
- <article>
- <source>CIA World Factbook</source>
- <hdr>
- History
- </hdr>
- <body>
- <p> Malta's written history began well before the Christian era.
- Originally the Phoenicians, and later the Carthaginians,
- established ports and trading settlements on the island. During
- the second Punic War (218 B.C.), Malta became part of the Roman
- Empire. During Roman rule, in A.D. 60, Saint Paul was
- shipwrecked on Malta at a place still called St. Paul's Bay. In
- A.D. 533, Malta became part of the Byzantine Empire, and in
- A.D. 870 came under Arab control. Arab occupation and rule left
- a strong imprint on Maltese life, customs, and language. The
- Arabs were driven out in 1090 by a band of Norman adventurers
- under Count Roger of Normandy, who had established a kingdom in
- southern Italy and Sicily. Malta thus became an appendage of
- Sicily and remained so for 440 years. During this period, Malta
- was sold and resold to various feudal lords and barons and was
- dominated successively by the rulers of Swabia, Aquitaine,
- Aragon, Castile, and Spain.
- </p>
- <p> In 1523, a key date in Maltese history, the islands were
- ceded by Charles V of Spain to the rich and powerful order of
- the Knights of St. John of Jerusalem. For the next 275 years,
- these famous "Knights of Malta" made the island their kingdom.
- They built towns, palaces, churches, gardens, and
- fortifications and embellished the island with numerous works
- of art and culture. In 1565, the knights won their famous
- victory over the Turks when they broke the siege of Malta by
- Suleiman the Magnificent. The power of the knights declined,
- however, and their rule of Malta was ended by their surrender
- to Napoleon in 1798.
- </p>
- <p> The people of Malta almost immediately rose against French
- rule and, with the help of the British, evicted them in 1800
- after a 2-year insurrection. In 1814 Malta, of its own free
- will, became part of the British Empire. Under the United
- Kingdom, the island became a military and naval fortress, the
- headquarters of the British Mediterranean fleet. During World
- War II, Malta survived a second great siege, this time at the
- hands of German and Italian military forces. During this siege
- (1940-43), the people of Malta demonstrated great discipline
- and valor. In recognition, King George VI in 1942 awarded the
- George Cross "to the island fortress of Malta--its people and
- defenders." President Franklin Roosevelt, describing the wartime
- period, called Malta "one tiny bright flame in the darkness."
- Malta obtained independence on September 21, 1964.
- </p>
- <p>Current Political Conditions
- </p>
- <p> Two parties dominate Malta's polarized and evenly divided
- politics--the Nationalist Party, led by Prime Minister Eddie
- Fenech Adami, and the Malta Labor Party (MLP), led by Karmenu
- Mifsud Bonnici (though the former leader Dom Mintoff, still has
- great influence over the MLP and on the political scene).
- Elections generate widescale public participation, with more
- than 96% of voters casting ballots. Between 1971 and 1981, the
- Malta Labor Party won three close, hard-fought elections in
- succession, achieving narrow majorities in the House of
- Representatives. In the December 1981 election, the Nationalist
- Party won 51% of the popular vote, but the Malta Labor Party
- won 34 seats and was able to retain control of the government
- due to uneven apportionment of the districts.
- </p>
- <p> The most recent general election was held on May 9, 1987. The
- Nationalist Party won the election with 50.9% of the popular
- vote. The MLP obtained 48.9%; other parties obtained 0.3%. Prior
- to the May 1987 election, the Maltese constitution was amended
- to ensure that the party that obtained more than 50% of the
- popular vote would have a majority of seats in Parliament and
- would thereby form the government. The then Labor Party
- government proposed this constitutional amendment in exchange
- for Nationalist Party (in opposition at the time) agreement to
- two other amendments to the constitution: the first stipulates
- Malta's neutrality status and policy of nonalignment, and the
- second prohibits foreign interference in Malta's elections.
- </p>
- <p>Source: U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Public Affairs, July
- 1988.
- </p>
-
- </body>
- </article>
- </text>
-
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